Static char var:
⇾ A variable located in Data Section of memory

P→(ii), Q→(iv), R→(i), S→(iii)

In this problem, we have to find Average case of different algorithms
→ Tower of Hanoi with n disks takes θ(2ⁿ) time
It is a mathematical game or puzzle.
It consists of three rods and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod.
The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape.
The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following simple rules:
1. Only one disk can be moved at a time.
2. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and placing it on top of another stack.
3. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.
With 3 disks, the puzzle can be solved in 7 moves.
The minimal number of moves required to solve a Tower of Hanoi puzzle is 2ⁿ-1, where n is the number of disks.
→ Binary Search given n sorted numbers takes Ɵ(log₂ n)
→ Heap sort given n numbers of the worst case takes Ɵ(n log n)
→ Addition of two n×n matrices takes Ɵ(n²)

The grammar in S {X →bXb | cXc | ϵ} derives all even length Palindromes, So H matches with S.
F matches with P, Number of formal parameters in the declaration…. matches with {L={ aⁿ b^m c ⁿ d^m | m,n >=1}
Since, aⁿ b^m corresponds to formal parameter (if n=2 and m=1, and “a” is int type and “b”is float type, then it means (int,int,float)) and cⁿ d^m corresponds to actual parameter used in function.
Similarly other two can also be argued by their reasons, but with F matches with P and H matches with S implies that option C is the only correct option.

Note: Out of syllabus.

(i) Proxy server: Proxy server and firewall are to be combined.
(ii) Kazaa and DC++ are P2P applications.
(iii) P2P slip is a processor of PPP.
(iv) DNS allows caching of entries at local server.

⇒ Gang scheduling is used for parallel system that schedules the threads.
⇒ Rate monotonic scheduling is used in Real-time operating system.
⇒ Fair share scheduling distributes the CPU equally among users due to which it generates scheduling process.

P) SMTP is used for email transmission.
Q) BGP is network layer protocol that manages low packets are routed across the network.
R) TCP is a transport layer protocol.
S) PPP is a data link layer protocol.

Note: Out of syllabus.

Note: Out of syllabus.

(a) A[i] = B[j]; Indexed, Addressing.
Here using the Index.
(b) while [*A++]; Auto increment.
The memory is increments automatically.
(c) int temp = *x; Indirect Addressing.
Here temp is assigned to integer type of Address contained in x.

Data Link Layer :: Second layer of the OSI Model, Responsible for Hop to Hop connection or point to point connection.
Transport Layer :: Fourth layer of the OSI Model, Responsible for Service point addressing/Socket to socket connection or end to end connection with full reliability.
Network Layer :: Third layer of the OSI Model, Responsible for Host to Host.

P) Functional programming is declarative in nature, involves expression evaluation and side effect free.
Q) Logic is also declarative but involves theorem proving.
R) Object oriented is imperative statement based and have abstract data types.
S) Imperative programs are made giving commands and follow definite procedure.

Indirect addressing:
Indirect addressing means that the address of the data is held in an intermediate location so that the address is first 'looked up' and then used to locate the data itself.
Immediate addressing:
Immediate Addressing. An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location, and the second operand is an immediate constant.
Auto increment or decrements can be one by using loops.

X → m = NULL will results the loss of memory.
Y → n is pointer to invalid memory, a making it as a dangling pointer.
Z → p is not initialized.
p = malloc (size of(char))p = malloc (size of(char)); should have been used before assigning 'aa' to ∗p.

Stack is used in depth first search.
Queus is used in Queue.
Heap is used in heap.

⇒ Threads are handled by CPU.
⇒ Virtual address is a memory type.
⇒ File system is used to manage the disk.
⇒ Interrupt is a signal.

Binary search = O(log n)
Selection = O(n)
Merge sort = O(n log n)
Insertion sort = O(n²)

All pairs shortest path - Dynamic Programming
Quick sort - Divide and Conquer
Minimum weight Spanning tree - Greedy
Connected components - Depth-First search

DMA I/O → Disk
Cache → High speed RAM
Interrupt I/O → Printer
Condition code register → ALU

Disk scheduling - SCAN
Batch processing - FIFO
Time sharing - Round Robin
Interrupt processing - LIFO

Each time a subroutine is called its activation record is created.
An assembler uses location counter value to give address to each instruction which is needed for relative addressing as well as for jump labels.
Reference count is used by garbage collector to clear the memory whose reference count be comes 0.
Linker loader is a loader which can load several compiled codes and link them together into a single executable. Thus it needs to do relocation of the object codes.

⇒ Array implementation can be done by Indexed addressing.
⇒ Writing relocatable code can be done by Base Register addressing by changing the value of Base Register.
⇒ While passing an array as parameter we use pointer and hence can use Indirect addressing.

Secondary index → B-Tree
Non-procedural query language → Domain calculus
Closure of set of attributes → Function dependency
Natural join → Relational algebraic operations

Pointer data type - Dynamic data structure
Activation record - Recursion
Repeat until - Non-deterministic loop
Coercion - Type conversion

Note: Out of syllabus.

Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm - Divide and Conquer
Kruskal's minimum spanning tree algorithm - Greedy method
Biconnected components algorithm - Depth first search
Floyd's shortest path algorithm - Dynamic programming

Heap construction - O(n)
Constructing Hash table with linear probing - O(n²
AVL tree construction - O(n log₁₀ n)
Digital trie construction - Ω(n log₁₀ n)

Lexical analysis - Finite automaton
Code optimization - DAG
Code generation - Syntax tree
Abelian groups - Push down automaton

Group - Left inverse
Semigroup - Associative
Monoid - Identity
Abelian group - Commutative

Base addressing is a position independent. By changing the value in base register, location of address also be changed.
Indexing mode can be used to access an array whose elements are in successive memory locations.
Stack addressing is a Reentranecy whenever code happens to be used again, address is need not be the same.
Implied addressing belongs to accumulator if an address is not specified, It is assumed implied to be accumulator.

O(log n) - Binary search
O(n) - Selection of the k^th smallest element in a set of n elements
O(n log n) - Heapsort
O(n²) - Depth-first search

Virtual Memory - Address Translation
Shared Memory - Mutual Exclusion
Look-ahead buffer - Spatial Locality
Look-aside buffer - Temporal Locality