Set-Theory
Question 1 |
Let G be a group of 35 elements. Then the largest possible size of a subgroup of G other than G itself is ______.
7 |
Question 1 Explanation:
Lagrange’s Theorem:
If ‘H” is a subgroup of finite group (G,*) then O(H) is the divisor of O(G).
Given that the order of group is 35. Its divisors are 1,5,7,35.
It is asked that the size of largest possible subgroup other than G itself will be 7.
If ‘H” is a subgroup of finite group (G,*) then O(H) is the divisor of O(G).
Given that the order of group is 35. Its divisors are 1,5,7,35.
It is asked that the size of largest possible subgroup other than G itself will be 7.
Question 2 |
Let G be a finite group on 84 elements. The size of a largest possible proper subgroup of G is _________.
41 | |
42 | |
43 | |
44 |
Question 2 Explanation:
Lagranges Theorem:
For any group ‘G’ with order ‘n’, every subgroup ‘H’ has order ‘k’ such that ‘n’ is divisible by ‘k’.
Solution:
Given order n = 84
Then the order of subgroups = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 42, 84}
As per the proper subgroup definition, it should be “42”.
For any group ‘G’ with order ‘n’, every subgroup ‘H’ has order ‘k’ such that ‘n’ is divisible by ‘k’.
Solution:
Given order n = 84
Then the order of subgroups = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 42, 84}
As per the proper subgroup definition, it should be “42”.
Question 3 |
Consider the set X = {a,b,c,d e} under the partial ordering
-
R = {(a,a),(a,b),(a,c),(a,d),(a,e),(b,b),(b,c),(b,e),(c,c),(c,e),(d,d),(d,e),(e,e)}.
The Hasse diagram of the partial order (X,R) is shown below.
The minimum number of ordered pairs that need to be added to R to make (X,R) a lattice is _________.
0 | |
1 | |
2 | |
3 |
Question 3 Explanation:
R = {(a,a), (a,b), (a,c), (a,d), (a,e), (b,b), (b,c), (b,e), (c,c), (c,e), (d,d), (d,e), (e,e)}
As per the definition of lattice, each pair should have GLB, LUB.
The given ‘R’ has GLB, LUB for each and every pair.
So, no need to add extra pair.
Thus no. of required pair such that Hasse diagram to become lattice is “0”.
As per the definition of lattice, each pair should have GLB, LUB.
The given ‘R’ has GLB, LUB for each and every pair.
So, no need to add extra pair.
Thus no. of required pair such that Hasse diagram to become lattice is “0”.
Question 4 |
A function f:N+ → N+, defined on the set of positive integers N+, satisfies the following properties:
-
f(n) = f(n/2) if n is even
f(n) = f(n+5) if n is odd
Let R = {i|∃j: f(j)=i} be the set of distinct values that f takes. The maximum possible size of R is __________.
2 | |
3 | |
4 | |
5 |
Question 4 Explanation:
f(n)= f(n⁄2) if n is even
f(n)= f(n+5) if n is odd
We can observe that
and f(5) = f(10) = f(15) = f(20)
Observe that f(11) = f(8)
f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(13) = f(9) = f(14) = f(7) = f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(14) = f(9) = f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(16) = f(8) = f(4) = f(2) = f(1) [repeating]
So, we can conclude that
‘R’ can have size only ‘two’ [one: multiple of 5’s, other: other than 5 multiples]
f(n)= f(n+5) if n is odd
We can observe that
and f(5) = f(10) = f(15) = f(20)
Observe that f(11) = f(8)
f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(13) = f(9) = f(14) = f(7) = f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(14) = f(9) = f(12) = f(6) = f(3)
f(16) = f(8) = f(4) = f(2) = f(1) [repeating]
So, we can conclude that
‘R’ can have size only ‘two’ [one: multiple of 5’s, other: other than 5 multiples]
Question 5 |
A binary relation R on ℕ × ℕ is defined as follows: (a,b)R(c,d) if a≤c or b≤d. Consider the following propositions:
-
P: R is reflexive
Q: Ris transitive
Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Both P and Q are true. | |
P is true and Q is false. | |
P is false and Q is true. | |
Both P and Q are false. |
Question 5 Explanation:
For every a,b ∈ N,
a≤c ∨ b≤d
Let a≤a ∨ b≤b is true for all a,b ∈ N
So there exists (a,a) ∀ a∈N.
It is Reflexive relation.
Consider an example
c = (a,b)R(c,d) and (c,d)R(e,f) then (a,b)R(e,f)
This does not hold for any (a>e) or (b>f)
eg:
(2,2)R(1,2) as 2≤2
(1,2)R(1,1) as 1≤1
but (2,2) R (1,1) is False
So, Not transitive.
a≤c ∨ b≤d
Let a≤a ∨ b≤b is true for all a,b ∈ N
So there exists (a,a) ∀ a∈N.
It is Reflexive relation.
Consider an example
c = (a,b)R(c,d) and (c,d)R(e,f) then (a,b)R(e,f)
This does not hold for any (a>e) or (b>f)
eg:
(2,2)R(1,2) as 2≤2
(1,2)R(1,1) as 1≤1
but (2,2) R (1,1) is False
So, Not transitive.
Question 6 |
Consider a set U of 23 different compounds in a Chemistry lab. There is a subset S of U of 9 compounds, each of which reacts with exactly 3 compounds of U. Consider the following statements:
-
I. Each compound in U\S reacts with an odd number of compounds.
II. At least one compound in U\S reacts with an odd number of compounds.
III. Each compound in U\S reacts with an even number of compounds.
Which one of the above statements is ALWAYS TRUE?
Only I | |
Only II | |
Only III | |
None |
Question 6 Explanation:
There are set of ‘23’ different compounds.
U = 23
∃S ∋ (S⊂U)
Each component in ‘S’ reacts with exactly ‘3’ compounds of U,
If a component ‘a’ reacts with ‘b’, then it is obvious that ‘b’ also reacts with ‘a’.
It’s a kind of symmetric relation.>br> If we connect the react able compounds, it will be an undirected graph.
The sum of degree of vertices = 9 × 3 = 27
But, in the graph of ‘23’ vertices the sum of degree of vertices should be even because
(di = degree of vertex i.e., = no. of edges)
But ‘27’ is not an even number.
To make it an even, one odd number should be added.
So, there exists atleast one compound in U/S reacts with an odd number of compounds.
U = 23
∃S ∋ (S⊂U)
Each component in ‘S’ reacts with exactly ‘3’ compounds of U,
If a component ‘a’ reacts with ‘b’, then it is obvious that ‘b’ also reacts with ‘a’.
It’s a kind of symmetric relation.>br> If we connect the react able compounds, it will be an undirected graph.
The sum of degree of vertices = 9 × 3 = 27
But, in the graph of ‘23’ vertices the sum of degree of vertices should be even because
(di = degree of vertex i.e., = no. of edges)But ‘27’ is not an even number.
To make it an even, one odd number should be added.
So, there exists atleast one compound in U/S reacts with an odd number of compounds.
Question 7 |
Suppose L = {p, q, r, s, t} is a lattice represented by the following Hasse diagram:
For any x, y ∈ L, not necessarily distinct, x ∨ y and x ∧ y are join and meet of x, y respectively. Let L3 = {(x,y,z): x, y, z ∈ L} be the set of all ordered triplets of the elements of L. Let pr be the probability that an element (x,y,z) ∈ L3 chosen equiprobably satisfies x ∨ (y ∧ z) = (x ∨ y) ∧ (x ∨ z). Then
For any x, y ∈ L, not necessarily distinct, x ∨ y and x ∧ y are join and meet of x, y respectively. Let L3 = {(x,y,z): x, y, z ∈ L} be the set of all ordered triplets of the elements of L. Let pr be the probability that an element (x,y,z) ∈ L3 chosen equiprobably satisfies x ∨ (y ∧ z) = (x ∨ y) ∧ (x ∨ z). Thenpr = 0 | |
pr = 1 | |
0 < pr ≤ 1/5 | |
1/5 < pr < 1 |
Question 7 Explanation:
Total number of elements i.e., ordered triplets (x,y,z) in L3 are 5×5×5 i.e., 125 n(s) = 125
Let A be the event that an element (x,y,z)∈ L3 satisfies x ∨(y∧z) = (x∨y) ∧ (x∨z) Since q∨(r∧s) = q∨p = q
and (q∨r)∧(q∨s)=t∧t=t q∨(r∧s)≠(q∨r)∧(q∨s)
Therefore, (x,y,z) = (q,r,s),(q,s,r),(r,q,s),(r,s,q),(s,r,q),(s,q,r)
i.e., 3! = 6 elements will not satisfy distributive law and all other (x,y,z) choices satisfy distributive law
n(A) = 125-6 = 119
∴ required probability is 119/125
⇒ 1/5
Let A be the event that an element (x,y,z)∈ L3 satisfies x ∨(y∧z) = (x∨y) ∧ (x∨z) Since q∨(r∧s) = q∨p = q
and (q∨r)∧(q∨s)=t∧t=t q∨(r∧s)≠(q∨r)∧(q∨s)
Therefore, (x,y,z) = (q,r,s),(q,s,r),(r,q,s),(r,s,q),(s,r,q),(s,q,r)
i.e., 3! = 6 elements will not satisfy distributive law and all other (x,y,z) choices satisfy distributive law
n(A) = 125-6 = 119
∴ required probability is 119/125
⇒ 1/5
Question 8 |
Consider the operations f(X, Y, Z) = X'YZ + XY' + Y'Z' and g(X′, Y, Z) = X′YZ + X′YZ′ + XY Which one of the following is correct?
Both {f} and {g} are functionally complete | |
Only {f} is functionally complete
| |
Only {g} is functionally complete
| |
Neither {f} nor {g} is functionally complete |
Question 8 Explanation:
A function is functionally complete if (OR, NOT) or (AND, NOT) are implemented by it.
f(X,X,X)=X'XX'+XX'+X'X'
=0+0+X'
=X'
Similarly, f(Y,Y,Y)=Y' and f(X,Z,Z)=Z'
f(Y',Y',Z')=(Y')'Y'Z'+Y'(Y')'+(Y')'(Z')'
=YY'Z'+Y'Y+YZ
=0+0+YZ
=YZ
We have derived NOT and AND. So f(X,Y,Z) is functionally complete.
g(X,Y,Z)=X'YZ+X'YZ'+XY
g(X,X,X)=X'XX+X'XZ'+XX
=0+0+X
=X
Similarly, g(Y,Y,Y)=Y and g(Z,Z,Z)=Z
NOT is not derived. Hence, g is not functionally complete.
f(X,X,X)=X'XX'+XX'+X'X'
=0+0+X'
=X'
Similarly, f(Y,Y,Y)=Y' and f(X,Z,Z)=Z'
f(Y',Y',Z')=(Y')'Y'Z'+Y'(Y')'+(Y')'(Z')'
=YY'Z'+Y'Y+YZ
=0+0+YZ
=YZ
We have derived NOT and AND. So f(X,Y,Z) is functionally complete.
g(X,Y,Z)=X'YZ+X'YZ'+XY
g(X,X,X)=X'XX+X'XZ'+XX
=0+0+X
=X
Similarly, g(Y,Y,Y)=Y and g(Z,Z,Z)=Z
NOT is not derived. Hence, g is not functionally complete.
Question 9 |
Let R be the relation on the set of positive integers such that aRb if and only if a and b are distinct and have a common divisor other than 1. Which one of the following statements about R is true?
R is symmetric and reflexive but not transitive | |
R is reflexive but not symmetric and not transitive | |
R is transitive but not reflexive and not symmetric | |
R is symmetric but not reflexive and not transitive |
Question 9 Explanation:
Reflexive:
In aRb, 'a' and 'b' are distinct. So it can never be reflexive.
Symmetric:
In aRb, if 'a' and 'b' have common divisor other than 1, then bRa, i.e., 'b' and 'a' also will have common divisor other than 1. So, yes symmetric.
Transitive:
Take (3, 6) and (6, 2) elements of R. For transitivity (3, 2) must be the element of R, but 3 and 2 don't have a common divisor. So not transitive.
In aRb, 'a' and 'b' are distinct. So it can never be reflexive.
Symmetric:
In aRb, if 'a' and 'b' have common divisor other than 1, then bRa, i.e., 'b' and 'a' also will have common divisor other than 1. So, yes symmetric.
Transitive:
Take (3, 6) and (6, 2) elements of R. For transitivity (3, 2) must be the element of R, but 3 and 2 don't have a common divisor. So not transitive.
Question 10 |
The cardinality of the power set of {0, 1, 2, … 10} is _________
2046 | |
2047 | |
2048 | |
2049 |
Question 10 Explanation:
Cardinality of the power set of {0, 1, 2, … , 10} is 211 i.e., 2048.
Question 11 |
Suppose U is the power set of the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. For any T ∈ U, let |T| denote the number of element in T and T' denote the complement of T. For any T, R ∈ U, let T \ R be the set of all elements in T which are not in R. Which one of the following is true?
∀X ∈ U (|X| = |X'|) | |
∃X ∈ U ∃Y ∈ U (|X| = 5, |Y| = 5 and X ∩ Y = ∅) | |
∀X ∈ U ∀Y ∈ U (|X| = 2, |Y| = 3 and X \ Y = ∅) | |
∀X ∈ U ∀Y ∈ U (X \ Y = Y' \ X') |
Question 11 Explanation:
As X and Y are elements of U, so X and Y are subsets of S.
(A) False. Consider X = {1,2}. Therefore, X' = {3,4,5,6}, |X| = 2 and |X'| = 4.
(B) False. Because for any two possible subsets of S with 5 elements should have atleast 4 elements in commonc. Hence X∩Y cannot be null.
(C) False. Consider X = {1,4}, Y= {1,2,3} then X\Y = {4} which is not null.
(D) True. Take any possible cases.
(A) False. Consider X = {1,2}. Therefore, X' = {3,4,5,6}, |X| = 2 and |X'| = 4.
(B) False. Because for any two possible subsets of S with 5 elements should have atleast 4 elements in commonc. Hence X∩Y cannot be null.
(C) False. Consider X = {1,4}, Y= {1,2,3} then X\Y = {4} which is not null.
(D) True. Take any possible cases.
Question 12 |
Let R be a relation on the set of ordered pairs of positive integers such that ((p,q),(r,s)) ∈ R if and only if p - s = q - r. Which one of the following is true about R?
Both reflexive and symmetric | |
Reflexive but not symmetric | |
Not reflexive but symmetric | |
Neither reflexive nor symmetric |
Question 12 Explanation:
Since p-q ≠ q-p
∴(p,q) R (p,q)
⇒ R is not reflexive.
Let (p,q) R (r,s) then p-s = q-r
⇒ r-q = s-p
⇒ (r,s) R (p,q)
⇒ R is symmetric.
∴(p,q) R (p,q)
⇒ R is not reflexive.
Let (p,q) R (r,s) then p-s = q-r
⇒ r-q = s-p
⇒ (r,s) R (p,q)
⇒ R is symmetric.
Question 13 |
Consider the following relation on subsets of the set S of integers between 1 and 2014. For two distinct subsets U and V of S we say U < V if the minimum element in the symmetric difference of the two sets is in U. Consider the following two statements:
S1: There is a subset of S that is larger than every other subset. S2: There is a subset of S that is smaller than every other subset.Which one of the following is CORRECT?
Both S1 and S2 are true | |
S1 is true and S2 is false | |
S2 is true and S1 is false | |
Neither S1 nor S2 is true |
Question 13 Explanation:
Given: S = {1, 2, 3, …, 2014}
U⊂S, V⊂S
Let U = {1, 2, 3}
V = {2, 3, 4}
Symmetric difference:
(U – V) ∪ (V – U) = {1} ∪ {4} = {1, 4}
The minimum element in the symmetric difference is 1 and 1∈U.
S1: Let S = Universal set = {1, 2, … 2014}
This universal set is larger than every other subset.
S2: Null set is smaller than every other set.
Let U = { }, V = {1}
Symmetric difference = ({ } – {1}) ∪ ({1} – { }) = { } ∪ {1} = {1}
So, U < V because { } ∈ U.
U⊂S, V⊂S
Let U = {1, 2, 3}
V = {2, 3, 4}
Symmetric difference:
(U – V) ∪ (V – U) = {1} ∪ {4} = {1, 4}
The minimum element in the symmetric difference is 1 and 1∈U.
S1: Let S = Universal set = {1, 2, … 2014}
This universal set is larger than every other subset.
S2: Null set is smaller than every other set.
Let U = { }, V = {1}
Symmetric difference = ({ } – {1}) ∪ ({1} – { }) = { } ∪ {1} = {1}
So, U < V because { } ∈ U.
Question 14 |
Let X and Y be finite sets and f: X→Y be a function. Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
For any subsets A and B of X, |f(A ∪ B)| = |f(A)|+|f(B)| | |
For any subsets A and B of X, f(A ∩ B) = f(A) ∩ f(B) | |
For any subsets A and B of X, |f(A ∩ B)| = min{ |f(A)|,f|(B)|} | |
For any subsets S and T of Y, f -1 (S ∩ T) = f -1 (S) ∩ f -1 (T) |
Question 14 Explanation:
The function f: x→y.
We need to consider subsets of 'x', which are A & B (A, B can have common elements are exclusive).
Similarly S, T are subsets of 'y'.
To be a function, each element should be mapped with only one element.
(a) |f(A∪B)|=|f(A)|+|f(B)|
|{a,b,c}|∪|{c,d,e}| = |{a,b,c}| + |{c,d,e}|
|{a,b,c,d,e}| = 3+3
5 = 6 FALSE
(d) To get inverse, the function should be one-one & onto.
The above diagram fulfills it. So we can proceed with inverse.
f-1 (S∩T )=f-1 (S)∩f-1 (T)
f-1 (c)=f-1 ({a,b,c})∩f-1 ({c,d,e})
2={1,2,3}∩{2,4,5}
2=2 TRUE
We need to consider subsets of 'x', which are A & B (A, B can have common elements are exclusive).
Similarly S, T are subsets of 'y'.
To be a function, each element should be mapped with only one element.
(a) |f(A∪B)|=|f(A)|+|f(B)|
|{a,b,c}|∪|{c,d,e}| = |{a,b,c}| + |{c,d,e}|
|{a,b,c,d,e}| = 3+3
5 = 6 FALSE
(d) To get inverse, the function should be one-one & onto.
The above diagram fulfills it. So we can proceed with inverse.
f-1 (S∩T )=f-1 (S)∩f-1 (T)
f-1 (c)=f-1 ({a,b,c})∩f-1 ({c,d,e})
2={1,2,3}∩{2,4,5}
2=2 TRUE
Question 15 |
Let G be a group with 15 elements. Let L be a subgroup of G. It is known that L ≠ G and that the size of L is at least 4. The size of L is __________.
5 | |
6 | |
7 | |
8 |
Question 15 Explanation:
Lagrange's theorem, in the mathematics of group theory, states that for any finite group G, the
order (number of elements) of every subgroup H of G divides the order of G.
So, 15 is divided by {1, 3, 5, 15}.
As minimum is 4 and total is 15, we eliminate 1,3,15.
Answer is 5.
So, 15 is divided by {1, 3, 5, 15}.
As minimum is 4 and total is 15, we eliminate 1,3,15.
Answer is 5.
Question 16 |
If V1 and V2 are 4-dimensional subspaces of a 6-dimensional vector space V, then the smallest possible dimension of V1∩V2 is ______.
2 | |
3 | |
4 | |
5 |
Question 16 Explanation:
In a 6 dimensional vector space, sub space of 4 dimensional subspaces V1, V2 are provided. Then the V1∩V2?
For eg: a two dimensional vector space have x, y axis. For dimensional vector space, it have x, y, z axis.
In the same manner, 6 dimensional vector space has x, y, z, p, q, r (assume).
Any subspace of it, with 4 dimensional subspace consists any 4 of the above. Then their intersection will be atmost 2.
[{x,y,z,p} ∩ {r,q,p,z}] = #2
V1 ∩ V2 = V1 + V2 - V1 ∪ V2 = 4+4+(-6) = 2
For eg: a two dimensional vector space have x, y axis. For dimensional vector space, it have x, y, z axis.
In the same manner, 6 dimensional vector space has x, y, z, p, q, r (assume).
Any subspace of it, with 4 dimensional subspace consists any 4 of the above. Then their intersection will be atmost 2.
[{x,y,z,p} ∩ {r,q,p,z}] = #2
V1 ∩ V2 = V1 + V2 - V1 ∪ V2 = 4+4+(-6) = 2
Question 17 |
P, Q and R are true | |
Only Q and R are true | |
Only P and Q are true | |
Only R is true |
Question 17 Explanation:
f:{0,1,…,2014}→{0,1,…,2014} and f(f(i))=i
So f(i)should be resulting only {0, 1, …2014}
So, every element in range has a result value to domain. This is onto. (Option R is correct)
We have ‘2015’ elements in domain.
So atleast one element can have f(i) = i,
so option ‘Q’ is also True.
∴ Q, R are correct.
So f(i)should be resulting only {0, 1, …2014}
So, every element in range has a result value to domain. This is onto. (Option R is correct)
We have ‘2015’ elements in domain.
So atleast one element can have f(i) = i,
so option ‘Q’ is also True.
∴ Q, R are correct.
Question 18 |
Let δ denote the minimum degree of a vertex in a graph. For all planar graphs on n vertices with δ ≥ 3, which one of the following is TRUE?
In any planar embedding, the number of faces is at least n/2+ 2 | |
In any planar embedding, the number of faces is less than n/2+ 2 | |
There is a planar embedding in which the number of faces is less than n/2+ 2 | |
There is a planar embedding in which the number of faces is at most n/(δ+1) |
Question 18 Explanation:
Euler’s formula:
v – e + f = 2 →①
Point ① degree of each vertex is minimum ‘3’.
3×n≥2e
e≤3n/2
From ①
n-3n/2+f=2⇒
v – e + f = 2 →①
Point ① degree of each vertex is minimum ‘3’.
3×n≥2e
e≤3n/2
From ①
n-3n/2+f=2⇒
Question 19 |
A binary operation ⊕ on a set of integers is defined as x ⊕ y = x2 + y2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE about ⊕?
Commutative but not associative | |
Both commutative and associative | |
Associative but not commutative | |
Neither commutative nor associative |
Question 19 Explanation:
Cumulative property:
A binary relation on a set S is called cumulative if a*b = b*a ∀ x,y∈S.
Associative property:
A binary relation on set is called associative if (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) ∀ x,y∈S.
Given x⊕y = x2 + y2 --------(1)
Replace x, y in (1)
y⊕x = y2 + x2 which is same as (1), so this is cumulative
(x⊕y)⊕z = (x2 + y2) ⊕ z
= (x2 + y2) + z2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2x2y2 ----------(2)
x⊕(y ⊕ z) = x ⊕ (y2 + z2)
= x2 + (y2 + z2)2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2y2z2 ----------- (3)
(2) & (3) are not same so this is not associative.
A binary relation on a set S is called cumulative if a*b = b*a ∀ x,y∈S.
Associative property:
A binary relation on set is called associative if (a*b)*c = a*(b*c) ∀ x,y∈S.
Given x⊕y = x2 + y2 --------(1)
Replace x, y in (1)
y⊕x = y2 + x2 which is same as (1), so this is cumulative
(x⊕y)⊕z = (x2 + y2) ⊕ z
= (x2 + y2) + z2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2x2y2 ----------(2)
x⊕(y ⊕ z) = x ⊕ (y2 + z2)
= x2 + (y2 + z2)2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2y2z2 ----------- (3)
(2) & (3) are not same so this is not associative.
Question 20 |
Let f be a function from a set A to a set B, g a function from B to C, and h a function from A to C, such that h(a) = g(f(a)) for all a ∈ A. Which of the following statements is always true for all such functions f and g?
g is onto ⇒ h is onto | |
h is onto ⇒ f is onto | |
h is onto ⇒ g is onto | |
h is onto ⇒ f and g are onto |
Question 20 Explanation:
g(f(a)) is a composition function which is A→B→C.
If h: A→C is a onto function, the composition must be onto, but the first function in the composition need to be onto.
So, B→C is must be onto.
If h: A→C is a onto function, the composition must be onto, but the first function in the composition need to be onto.
So, B→C is must be onto.
Question 21 |
Let A be a set with n elements. Let C be a collection of distinct subsets of A such that for any two subsets S1 and S2 in C, either S1 ⊂ S2 or S2 ⊂ S1. What is the maximum cardinality of C?
n | |
n + 1 | |
2(n-1) + 1 | |
n! |
Question 21 Explanation:
Consider an example:
Let A = {a, b, c}, here n = 3
Now, P(A) = {Ø, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {b,c}, {{a}, {a,b,c}}
Now C will be contain Ø (empty set) and {a,b,c} (set itself) as Ø is the subset of every set. And every other subset is the subset of {a,b,c}.
Now taking the subset of cardinality, we an take any 1 of {a}, {b}, {c} as none of the set is subset of other.
Let's take {2}
→ Now taking the sets of cardinality 2 -{a,b}, {b,c}
→ {b} ⊂ {a,b} and {b,c} but we can't take both as none of the 2 is subset of the other.
→ So let's take {c,a}.
So, C = {Ø, {b}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}}
→ So, if we observe carefully, we can see that we can select only 1 set from the subsets of each cardinality 1 to n
i.e., total n subsets + Ø = n + 1 subsets of A can be there in C.
→ So, even though we can have different combinations of subsets in C but maximum cardinality of C will be n+1 only.
Let A = {a, b, c}, here n = 3
Now, P(A) = {Ø, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {b,c}, {{a}, {a,b,c}}
Now C will be contain Ø (empty set) and {a,b,c} (set itself) as Ø is the subset of every set. And every other subset is the subset of {a,b,c}.
Now taking the subset of cardinality, we an take any 1 of {a}, {b}, {c} as none of the set is subset of other.
Let's take {2}
→ Now taking the sets of cardinality 2 -{a,b}, {b,c}
→ {b} ⊂ {a,b} and {b,c} but we can't take both as none of the 2 is subset of the other.
→ So let's take {c,a}.
So, C = {Ø, {b}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}}
→ So, if we observe carefully, we can see that we can select only 1 set from the subsets of each cardinality 1 to n
i.e., total n subsets + Ø = n + 1 subsets of A can be there in C.
→ So, even though we can have different combinations of subsets in C but maximum cardinality of C will be n+1 only.
Question 22 |
Let n = p2q, where p and q are distinct prime numbers. How many numbers m satisfy 1 ≤ m ≤ n and gcd (m, n) = 1? Note that gcd (m, n) is the greatest common divisor of m and n.
p(p - 1) | |
pq | |
(p2 - 1)(q - 1) | |
p(p - 1)(q - 1) |
Question 22 Explanation:
n = p2q, [p, q are prime numbers]
→ No. of multiples of p in n = pq [n = p⋅p⋅q]
→ No. of multiples of q in n = p2 [n = p2q]
→ Prime factorization of n contains only p & q.
→ gcd(m,n) is to be multiple of p and (or) 1.
→ So, no. of possible m such that gcd(m,n) is 1 will be
n - number of multiples of either p (or) q
= n - p2 - pq + p
= p2q - p2 - pq + p
= p(pq - p - q + 1)
= p(p - 1)(q - 1)
→ No. of multiples of p in n = pq [n = p⋅p⋅q]
→ No. of multiples of q in n = p2 [n = p2q]
→ Prime factorization of n contains only p & q.
→ gcd(m,n) is to be multiple of p and (or) 1.
→ So, no. of possible m such that gcd(m,n) is 1 will be
n - number of multiples of either p (or) q
= n - p2 - pq + p
= p2q - p2 - pq + p
= p(pq - p - q + 1)
= p(p - 1)(q - 1)
Question 23 |
The number of elements in he power set P (S) of the set S = {(φ), 1, (2, 3)} is:
2 | |
4 | |
8 | |
None of the above |
Question 23 Explanation:
S = {(φ), 1, (2, 3)}
P(S) = {φ, {{φ}}, {1}, {{2, 3}}, {{φ}, 1}, {1, {2, 3}}, {{φ}, 1, {2, 3}}}
In P(S) it contains 8 elements.
P(S) = {φ, {{φ}}, {1}, {{2, 3}}, {{φ}, 1}, {1, {2, 3}}, {{φ}, 1, {2, 3}}}
In P(S) it contains 8 elements.
Question 24 |
The number of subsets {1, 2, ... n} with odd cardinality is __________
2n-1 |
Question 24 Explanation:
Total no. of subsets with n elements is 2n.
And so, no. of subsets with odd cardinality is half of total no. of subsets = 2n /n = 2n-1
And so, no. of subsets with odd cardinality is half of total no. of subsets = 2n /n = 2n-1
Question 25 |
Let S be an infinite set and S1 ..., Sn be sets such that S1 ∪ S2 ∪ ... ∪ Sn = S. Then,
at least one of the set Si is a finite set | |
not more than one of the set Si can be finite | |
at least one of the sets Si is an infinite set | |
None of the above |
Question 25 Explanation:
Given sets are finite union of sets. One set must be infinite to make whole thing to be infinite.
Question 26 |
Let A be a finite set of size n. The number of elements in the power set of
A × A is:
22n | |
2n2 | |
(2n)2 | |
(22)n |
Question 26 Explanation:
Question 27 |
If the longest chain in a partial order is of length n then the partial order can be written as a ______ of n antichains.
disjoint |
Question 27 Explanation:
Suppose the length of the longest chain in a partial order is n. Then the elements in the poset can be partitioned into a disjoint antichains.
There are 27 questions to complete.